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What are C2PA Assurance Levels? AL1 vs AL2 Explained [2026]
C2PA assurance levels grade how well a signing key is protected, from cloud HSM (AL1) to hardware-attested keys (AL2). The difference and when each matters.
What is a C2PA Manifest? Structure and Verification [2026]
A C2PA manifest bundles assertions, a hash, a signature, and a timestamp. Here is the structure, typical size, and how to verify one in three steps.
What is a Content Credential? C2PA Explained [2026]
A Content Credential is the consumer name for a C2PA manifest. What the CR icon means, where it appears, and how to read one with the open verifier.
What is C2PA? The Complete Technical Guide [2026]
C2PA is the open standard that cryptographically binds a signed provenance manifest to media. How manifests, assertions, signing, and verification work.
What is CAWG Identity Assertion? DIF v1.2 Guide [2026]
The CAWG Identity Assertion binds verified creator identity to a C2PA manifest via Verifiable Credentials. The v1.2 structure and how it differs from the cert.
What is Invisible Watermarking? [2026] Guide
Invisible watermarking embeds a recoverable payload in pixels, audio, or frames. Here is how TrustMark, AudioSeal, and VideoSeal compare and where each fits.
What is OpenTimestamps? Bitcoin Anchoring for Media [2026]
OpenTimestamps commits a Merkle root of media hashes to Bitcoin, a time attestation that outlives any company. How anchoring works and what it costs.
What is Soft Binding? C2PA's Metadata Fallback [2026]
Soft binding recovers a provenance manifest after metadata is stripped, using a watermark or perceptual hash. How it works and why the EU Code calls for it.
What is SynthID? Google's Invisible Watermark [2026]
SynthID is Google's closed-source invisible watermark for AI media. How it works, where it ships, and when open TrustMark is the better choice.
What is the C2PA Trust List? A CA Guide [2026]
The C2PA Trust List is the registry of certificate authorities approved for C2PA signing. Here is how it works, who is on it, and what conformance means.